Which of the following statements is false?

a.Countries with high NIR rates tend to have lower literacy rates compared to those with low NIR
b.Between 1980 and 2010, the CBR declined in most of Western Europe
c.After hitting a peak around 1970, the world NIR has been declining steadily through the late twentieth century and the early twenty-first
d.Western Europe has always emphasized the availability of contraceptives rather than education and improved health care to bring down CBRs
e.In most countries, the decline in the NIR has occurred because of lower birth rates