An ionic bond is formed between a cation A₁ and an anion B₂. How would the energy of the ionic bond [see Equation (9.2)] be affected by the following changes? 
(a) doubling the radius of A₁, 
(b) tripling the charge on A₁, 
(c) doubling the charges on A₁ and B₂, 
(d) decreasing the radii of A₁ and B₂ to half their original values.